as a leader in the Jerusalem church.28 Moreover, James’s apparent new belief that his brother was the Messiah was so strong that he died as a martyr. Josephus in the first century, Hegesippus in the second century, and Clement of Alexandria in the third century all report this.29 What best accounts for this change of heart? The answer is found in the early creed in 1 Corinthians that I cited earlier, which states: “then he appeared to James.”30 So we have seen that we can be historically certain